What do you know about Hockey

Hockey is a small-scale competitive ball sport played on a rectangular grass surface. Teams use a bent hockey stick to hit a hard ball and score a goal. Because it is usually played on grass, it is also called “grass hockey”.

Hockey originated in Persia in 2000 BC and was later introduced to Greece. In the second half of the 19th century, modern hockey began in the UK. 1861, the first hockey club was established. In 1875, the first version of the competition rules was published. In 1908, hockey was officially include in the fourth Olympic Games.

The highest organization of hockey is the International Hockey Federation, which was founded in Paris, France in 1924 and headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, and later moved to Lausanne, Switzerland. The highest organization in China is the Chinese Hockey Association. It was founded on May 11, 1981. 

Competition Rules

Competition Team

The game is played between two teams, and no more than 11 players can play on each team at the same time. There is no limit on the number of substitutions that can be made by each team during the entire game. The game is divided into four quarters, each lasting 15 minutes. There is a 2-minute break between the first and second quarters and the third and fourth quarters, and a 5-minute break between the second and third quarters. The kick-off right is exchanged before the start of the third quarter.

Substitution of players

Players may be substituted at any time, except when a short corner kick is awarded. When a short corner kick is awarded. Only the defending team is allowed to replace a goalkeeper who is injured or has been given a yellow or red card. There is no limit to the number of players that may be substituted at the same time, nor is there a limit to the number of times a player may be substituted in or out of the field. A player from the same team may not enter the field until another player has left the field. The clock does not stop when a player is substituted, except when a goalkeeper is replaced.

A player who has been sent off may not be replaced by another player during the penalty period. A player who has been sent off may be replaced by another player after the penalty period has ended, without having to return to the field first. When substituting players, players should enter and exit the field at the edge of the field, near the center line, or in an area specified by the referee before the game

Specific details

Score

The scoring is valid only if the entire ball passes under the goal crossbar after the attacking player touches the ball within the shooting arc. Each shot into the opponent’s goal is worth 1 point, and the final score of both teams is used to determine the winner.

Short Corner

A short corner kick is when a defending player intentionally commits a foul within the 22.9-meter line or unintentionally commits a foul within the shooting arc, and the referee awards a short corner kick. The defending side is only allowed to have 5 players (including the goalkeeper) standing behind the end line inside and outside the goal to defend the short corner kick. The attacking side has no personnel restrictions, and all players except the server must stand outside the shooting arc. Players from both sides can enter the shooting arc after the ball is sent out.

Penalty

A penalty kick is awarded for the following fouls: A defensive player intentionally commits a foul inside the arc to prevent the opponent from scoring a goal or to cause the opponent to lose actual or possible possession of the ball; A defensive player does not intend to commit a foul inside the arc, but thereby prevents the opponent from scoring a possible goal; A defensive player rushes away from the end line prematurely several times in a row when defending a short corner kick.

lob

The ball may not be intentionally hit high except for shooting. Hitting the ball unintentionally from any place, including free kicks, is not considered a foul unless it is dangerous or may cause danger. Intentionally lob the ball so that it falls directly into the arc; not all lobs that fall into the arc are prohibited. The ball that bounces into the arc after landing or falls into the arc after a short run must be judged entirely based on the player’s intention and the dangerousness of the ball. Get within 5 meters of the opponent who receives the lob before the opponent touches the ball and lands it; lob over other players.

Scramble

1. The game shall be resumed by a scrimmage in any of the following situations: the game ball must be replaced during the game; both teams commit fouls at the same time; or the game is suspended due to injury or other reasons without any fouls.

2. Method of fighting for the ball: The referee decides the location of the fight, but the location of the fight must not be within the area of ​​14.63 meters from the end line: each side sends a player to fight for the ball, and the two players stand face to face with the right side of their bodies facing their own end line; the ball is placed on the ground between the two players; the two players first tap the ground to the right of the ball with their sticks, and then tap the opponent’s stick with the front of their sticks above the ball. After alternating three times, the game begins when any one of them touches the ball; before the ball is touched, the other players should be 5 meters away from the ball.

Competition Behavior

Players may not raise their sticks above another player’s head; may not touch, control or interfere with an opponent’s body, stick or clothing; may not hit the ball with the back of the stick; or stop, kick, push, pick up, throw or hold the ball with any part of the body.

History

According to historians, the sport of hitting the ball with a stick existed in Persia around 2000 BC. It was later introduced to Athens via Greece. On the wall of a building built by Themistochos (514-449 BC), there is a relief of six young men participating in a hockey-like game, showing the players from both sides fighting for the ball. There are also images and traces of hockey carved on the Egyptian pyramids.

In the Middle Ages, the French called this sport “HOC-QUET”, which means the stick held by the shepherd. Later, it was introduced to Britain and was called hockey.

Modern hockey originated in Britain in the second half of the 19th century, almost at the same time as modern football.

In 1861, the first hockey club was established.

In 1875, the first hockey association was established in London, which formulated the latest rules of the game (at that time, it was stipulated that no shots were allowed beyond 13.716 meters from the nearest goal post, thus a semicircle shooting area was created).

Year 1883, the Wimbledon Club was established, the boundaries of the various areas of the playing field were drawn, and string-wrapped balls and pewter clubs began to be used.

In 1886, this sport was widely promoted and popularized in the UK, which led to the rapid development of hockey and its spread to continental Europe. It was later introduced to India, Pakistan and Commonwealth countries.

In 1887, women’s hockey was first established in London, England.

In 1895, the first men’s hockey game was held in the UK.

Britain

Year 1901, Alulby from Britain introduced hockey to the United States, and it has since become a very popular outdoor sport for American women.

In 1908, hockey was officially included in the fourth Olympic Games.

In 1924, the International Hockey Federation was established in Paris and headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. It has become the highest leadership body of world hockey with more than 100 member associations.

In 1927, the International Women’s Hockey Federation was established.

In 1949, the first Women’s Field Hockey Cup was held. Due to various reasons, the Women’s Field Hockey Federation and the International Field Hockey Federation have not been able to unify, and the two organizations have held world championships and other international competitions separately. In order to include women’s field hockey in the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee was willing to assist the two parties in establishing a unified organization, and finally achieved this goal in 1975.

In 1980, women’s hockey was included as an event in the XXII Olympic Games, with Zimbabwe winning the first championship. The rules of the women’s competition have been revised several times and are now the same as those of the men’s competition.

Although China’s field hockey started relatively late, the Chinese women’s field hockey team has made rapid progress, winning fifth place at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the Champions Cup in 2002, the 14th Asian Games, third place at the 10th World Cup, and fourth place at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

In early 2005, the FIH moved into its newly built headquarters building in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Hardware requirements

site

The hockey field is a green artificial grass field. The length and width are 91.4 meters (100 yards) and 55 meters (60 yards) respectively. The lines are clearly marked according to the schematic diagram of the field of play, preferably in white. The long side and wide side are called the sideline and end line respectively; there is a goal in the middle of each end line. The main marking lines on the field are: shooting arc, 22.9-meter line (25-yard line), center line, penalty spot, etc. 

Goal

The goal is located in the middle of the end line. The posts and crossbar are white, rectangular, 51 mm wide and 75 mm thick; the inner distance between the two goal posts is 3.66 meters; the goal posts must be placed on the marking line outside the goal line, and the front is connected to the outer edge of the goal line; the crossbar is fixed to the posts, and the inner distance from the ground is 2.14 meters; the height of the posts does not exceed the crossbar; the width of the crossbar does not exceed the posts; the depth of the goal at the crossbar shall not be less than 0.91 meters, and the depth at the ground shall not be less than 1.22 meters.

The side guard is placed on the ground, at right angles to the end line, fixed to the back of the posts, connected to the two ends of the back guard, and the thickness does not exceed the width of the posts; the inside is painted dark.

The back guard is placed on the ground, connected to the two rear ends of the side guard; the inside is painted dark. The net is attached to the back of the columns and beams, and to the back of the rear and side panels, with hooks spaced no more than 150 mm apart. Net must be placed so that the ball cannot escape between the net and the columns, beams, side panels or rear panels. The net should not be too tight to prevent the ball from bouncing off the net. The mesh should not be larger than 45 mm. 

Flagpole

The flagpole is placed at each corner of the field; it is 1.20 to 1.50 meters high; it must ensure the safety of the athletes; if it cannot be broken, it should be placed on a spring seat; there must be a flag, the length and width of which shall not exceed 300 mm.

Ball

The ball should be a hard spherical ball, made of plastic, with a smooth surface but allowed to have seams or dents, and white or another agreed color. It was adopted in the late 1960s with the advent of artificial grass pitches for waterproofing. The ball weighs 156-163 grams and has a circumference of 22.4-23.5 centimeters. 

Baseball stick

The bat is made of high-strength engineering plastic or wood. The head of the bat is relatively hard and has a certain degree of elasticity. One side of the bat is flat and the other side is convex. The rules stipulate that only the flat side can touch the ball. The weight of the bat must not exceed 737 grams. It is selected by the players themselves and the length is generally not more than 1 meter. Including the wrapping on the outside, the bat should be able to pass through the bat inspection ring with an inner diameter of 5.10 cm. 

Clothing

Players on the field are not allowed to wear shoes with iron spikes or any items that may cause danger to other players, and must wear shin guards. Goalkeepers should wear helmets, foot guards, shin guards, body guards, hand guards, and protective gear to protect the upper arms and elbows.

The goalkeeper should wear a top of a different color than that of his team and the opposing team over his protective gear. Unless taking a penalty kick (not defending a penalty kick), he must wear a helmet with good protective performance. The Rules Committee strongly recommends that goalkeepers wear helmets that provide fixed protection for the entire face and cover the entire head.

The following protective gear is only allowed to be used by goalkeepers: body guards, shin guards, foot guards, hand guards and devices to protect the thighs, upper arms and elbows.

(1) Leg guards, foot guards and hand guards: shall not have hard edges or protrusions.

(2) Shin guards: When worn on the goalkeeper’s leg, the maximum width is 300 mm.

(3) Handguard: When lying face up, the maximum width is 228 mm and the maximum length from base to tip is 355 mm. There shall be no attachments that would allow the stick to remain attached to the handguard when the goalkeeper is not holding the stick.

(4) No additional clothing or equipment may be worn in addition to permitted equipment, or clothing or equipment that artificially enlarges the body or protected area.

Important events

Hockey World Championships

Intercontinental national team cups that serve as qualifiers for the World Championships (held every four years); European men’s, women’s and youth championships (held every four years); European Champions Cup (held annually). In addition, the FIH also supervises the Asian, North and South American championships and the European Hockey League.

Olympic Hockey

Hockey is a traditional Olympic sport, first played at the 4th London Olympics in 1908. Women’s hockey was added at the 22nd Moscow Olympics in 1980. There are 12 teams participating in the Olympic hockey competition, with 12 teams participating for both men and women. The eight teams that are automatically selected are the host country, the champions of the previous Olympic Games, the champions of the previous World Cup, and the champions of the five continents. The event is held every four years. 

Hockey Champions Cup

The men’s hockey champions cup was initiated by Pakistan in the early 1980s. It was held annually at first and then changed to every two years; the women’s hockey champions cup was held for the first time in 1987, and subsequent championship cups will be held in the year after the Olympic Games and the World Cup. Although this event has nothing to do with the qualification for the Olympic Games or the World Cup, and is not as important as the Intercontinental Cup, it can be said to be the world’s highest level competition because only the top 6 teams in the World Cup participate in the competition. 

Hockey Continental Cup

The Hockey Continental Cup is held one year before the World Cup. It is actually a preliminaries for the World Cup and thus also a qualifying tournament for the Olympic Games. The 12 teams participating in the Continental Cup are the host, the bottom four teams from the previous World Cup (bottom six teams for women) and the seven teams that qualified from the Continental Cup preliminaries (five teams for women). The Continental Cup preliminaries are held one year before the Continental Cup. Men compete in different continents. Women compete across continents in international competitions, and the FIH decides which teams to compete in based on the number of registered teams and the level of each team. ^[4]

Asian Cup Hockey Tournament: The Asian Cup is the second largest hockey tournament in Asia after the Asian Games. It has been held every four years since 1985, one year before the Asian Games

Organization

International Hockey Federation : (International Hockey Federation, FIH) The International Hockey Federation, abbreviated as FIH, was founded in Paris on January 7, 1924. The founding countries are Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Spain, France, Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. In 1927, Australia, Denmark, England, Ireland, Scotland, South Africa, the United States and Wales jointly initiated the establishment of the International Women’s Hockey Federation. In 1982, the two organizations merged into the International Hockey Federation.

The mission of the FIH is to urge members to abide by amateur principles, determine competition rules, supervise formal indoor and outdoor hockey competitions; organize large-scale international competitions (including the Olympic Games); review competition results, etc. Its headquarters is located in Brussels (moved to Lausanne, Switzerland in 2005). The General Assembly is the highest authority of the FIH and is held every two years.

Asian Hockey Federation: Founded in 1962. Headquartered in Lahore, Pakistan. The federation organizes the Asian Hockey Championship and the Asian Youth Hockey Championship. The Chinese Hockey Association joined the Asian Hockey Federation as a member in 1980.

Chinese Hockey Association : Abbreviated as “Chinese Hockey Association”, was established on May 11, 1981. Its work objectives are to unify the organization and coordinate the development of hockey in the country in accordance with the national sports policies and relevant laws and regulations as well as the relevant regulations of the International Hockey Federation, promote mass popularization activities and improve technical level, and promote the development of hockey in Asia and the world.

Related terms

Stick checking is a hockey term. It means that during a game, a player uses his stick to hook, push, hit or grab the opponent’s stick, which affects and interferes with the opponent’s normal play .

Bully, faceoff: During the game, the ball must be kick off at the beginning of each half. Or after each goal is scored. When the ball is kick off, it must be place still in the middle of the field. The player of the team that kicks off the ball will pass the ball backwards. At this time, the other players of both teams must stand in their own half of the field. And keep a distance of at least 4.57 meters from the ball.

Dribble, a technical term in hockey, is one of the basic techniques of hitting the ball. It refers to using the natural swinging force of the wrist and arm to continuously and gently tap. Flick and push the ball to make the ball move forward.

Free kick

Free kick is a term in hockey. When a player commits a foul outside his own shooting area, a free kick is usually awarded. When taking a free kick, the ball should be place still at the spot of the foul. The player taking the free kick should hit the ball or push it along the ground. It is not allowed to shovel the ball, push the ball down halfway, or lift the ball high. Other players should be at least 4.57 meters away from the ball.

After the player taking the free kick hits the ball. He cannot hit the ball again or approach the distance for another hit before it is touched by other players. In men’s competitions, if a player on the attacking side commits a foul within the 14.63-meter line. The defending side, the defending side can execute the free kick at any point on the 14.63-meter line. That passes through the place of the foul at the vertical goal line. In women’s competitions, if the attacking side commits a foul in the shooting area of ​​the defending side. The defending side can execute the free kick at any point in the shooting area.

Penalty kick

Penalty kick is a term in hockey. It refers to a penalty kick when a defensive player commits a foul in his own shooting area. And his behavior prevents the opponent from shooting and scoring. The ball must be placed still on the penalty spot 6.40 meters away from the goal. Except for the goalkeeper of the defending side and the main penalty kick player of the attacking side. All other players should stand outside the 23-meter line of the defending side. The main penalty kick player is allow to take a step forward. And shoot the ball by pushing, dribbling or volleying. Before the opponent’s ball is hit, the goalkeeper must not leave the goal line with any foot. And must not raise the stick over the shoulder to block the ball when saving the ball.

Penalty corner

Penalty corner, short corner, is a term in hockey. It refers to a penalty give to the defending team when a defensive player intentionally hits the ball out of his own goal line. Or intentionally commits a foul within his own 23-meter line, or commits a foul within his own shooting area. When taking a penalty kick, the ball is place stationary on the goal line 9.14 meters away from the defending team’s goal post. A maximum of 6 players on the defending team stand outside their own goal line. The rest stand outside the center line.

Except for one player who takes the penalty kick. The rest of the attacking team must stand outside the shooting area until the ball is kicked out. If the penalty kick is not touch by a player on the defending team. The attacking team must stop the ball first and then shoot. If the ball is stopped by hand. The shot must be made after the ball stops on the ground, otherwise it will be invalid.

Long corner kick is a hockey term. It means that when a player of the defending team accidentally touch the ball. Out of the goal line within the 23-meter line of the team. A player of the opposing team places the ball. The goal line or sideline within 4.57 meters from the corner flag and hits the ball into the field. The hitting method is similar to that of a near corner kick .

Personal foul

Personal foul is a hockey term. It refers to bumping, tripping, pushing, kicking, pulling, and hitting the opponent players during the game. If a personal foul is committed outside the team’s shooting area. A free kick will be award; if a personal foul is committed within the team’s shooting area. A near corner kick or penalty kick will be awarded.

Crosshit is a technical term in hockey. It refers to the method by which an athlete uses the strength of his arms and waist to swing the stick from back to front to hit the ball. This is characterize by strong force, fast ball speed and long running distance. It is mostly used for long-distance passing, hitting the ball 14.63 meters and shooting.

Indoor hockey, in 1950, the Federal Republic of Germany changed the outdoor hockey into an indoor ball game. That call ” indoor hockey “. The field is 37-47 meters long and 123 meters wide. The goal is 3 meters wide; each side has 6 players; the hockey used is similar to that used in outdoor hockey. However, some rules have been change, such as only pushing the ball, no far corner kicks , and no offside.

Pushstroke

Pushstroke is a hockey term. It refers to a basic hitting method in which the stick is place behind the ball, close to the ball, and the top of the stick handle is used to push the ball out. This is mostly use for short-distance passes and has the characteristics of high accuracy. It is a common method for defenders to pass the ball to midfielders or forwards, and midfielders to pass the ball to forwards.

Flick is a hockey term. The action of hitting the ball is similar to that of pushing the ball. When hitting the ball, the two arms and the center of gravity of the body move forward. At the same time, the wrist movement is use to push and shake. So that the stick face tilts upward, and the lower part of the ball is push. So that the ball bounces off the ground and flies horizontally . Flick is often use for shooting.

Push-in

Push-in is a hockey term. When a player from one team pushes the ball out of bounds. A player from the other team should use his stick to push. Or tap the ball into the court from outside the bounds. The ball is then allow to enter the court and the game continues. The player who push the ball into the court is not allow to hit the ball again. Or enter the hitting range until the ball is touch by other players. When the ball is push into the court, any other player (including the stick). Must be at least 4.57 meters away from the ball.

Scoop, a hockey term, is a basic hitting technique. It refers to a hitting technique that uses the strength of the wrist to make the head of the stick hit or hit the ball. Hit the ball off the ground. It is often use for passing and shooting.

Goalball

Goalball is a hockey term. When an attacking player hits the ball out of bounds, or a defending player intentionally hits the ball out of bounds outside the backcourt line. The defending player hits the ball on the 14.63-meter line opposite. The point where the ball went out of bounds to restart the game. When taking a goalball, except for the player who hit the ball. All other players on both sides must be at least 4.57 meters away from the ball.

Helding

Helding is a hockey term. It can be divide into two-handed holding, one-handed holding, flipping and hand-holding. It is often use to hold and control the ball.

Stick

Stick is a hockey term. When a player stops or hits the ball. If he raises any part of his stick above the height of the room, it is consider “stick”. If the stick is commit outside the team’s shooting area. A free kick will be awarded; if the stick is committed within the team’s shooting area, a near corner kick will be awarded.

Kickseve

Kickseve is a term in hockey. It refers to the various actions of the goalkeeper in the goal area. Such as splitting, bending, turning, and blocking the opponent’s shot with his feet. At the 3rd Asian Games in 1958, men’s hockey was include in the official competition. This event has been include in all subsequent Asian Games. At the 11th Asian Games in 1990, the Pakistani team won seven men’s championships. India and South Korea each won one championship. At the 9th Asian Games in 1982, women’s hockey was include in the official competition. The Indian team won the championship.

Checking

Checking is a hockey term. It refers to a player inserting his body or stick between his opponent and the ball to prevent him from hitting the ball. Putting his body between his opponent and the ball while holding the ball to prevent his opponent from grabbing the ball. Preventing his opponent from allowing his teammate to hit the ball or get the ball.